This quantitative study investigates the impact of educational programs designed to foster social entrepreneurship on the development of human and community skills. Data were collected from 150 university students in Latin America, who participated in social entrepreneurship programs during the 2022-2023 academic cycle. Through structured surveys, key competencies such as leadership, empathy, problem-solving and teamwork were assessed. The results show that educational programs that integrate social entrepreneurship have a significant impact on the development of skills that not only benefit students (...) individually, but also their communities. This study highlights the importance of practical experiences in education for social entrepreneurship. (shrink)

Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre el quehacer bioético contemporáneo e iberoamericano en el que continúa el debate abierto sobre las características de la bioética desarrollada en Iberoamérica y ofrece una razón de sus dificultades y desafíos. El objetivo es señalar la paradoja a la que se enfrenta la Bioética iberoamericana desde su particular contexto histórico, cultural y político. Esta paradoja se revela al tener que asimilar la bioética sanitaria estándar, surgida para hacer frente a problemas propios de la sociedad (...) occidental, con la finalidad de resolver problemas biosanitarios y sociales característicos de la región iberoamericana. Al objeto de explicar esta idea, se hace una breve presentación del desarrollo de la bioética contemporánea y se exponen las características de la bioética realizada en Iberoamérica como respuesta a la influencia de la bioética denominada estándar. It was carried out a bibliographic revision about the Iberoamerican contemporary bioethics tasks, in which the open debate about the characteristics of the bioethics developed in Iberoamerican offers a reason of its dificulties and challenges. The objective is to point out the paradox Iberoamerican bioethics faces since its own historical, cultural and political context. This paradox is reveleaded while having to assimilate the standard sanitary bioethics, risen with the aim to solve biosanitary and social problems typical of the wastern region. In order to explain this idea, it is made a brief presentation of the contemporary bioethics development and were exposed the characteistics of the bioethics carried out in Iberoamerica as and answer to the influence of the bioethics caled standard. (shrink)

Agricultural engineers’ jobs are especially related to sustainability and earth life issues. They usually work with plants or animals, and the aim of their work is often linked to producing food to allow people to improve their quality of life. Taking into account this dual function, the moral requirements of their day-to-day professional practice are arguably greater than those of other professions.Agricultural engineers can develop their ability to live up to this professional responsibility by receiving ethical training during their university (...) studies, not only by taking courses specifically devoted to ethics, but also by having to deal with moral questions that are integrated into their technical courses through a program of Ethics Across the Curriculum (EAC).The authors feel that a suitable pedagogical technique for achieving this goal is the use of moral dilemmas, following Kohlberg’s theory of levels of morality (1981), with the final objective of attaining a post-conventional level. This paper examines the possibilities and limitations of using moral dilemmas as a pedagogical technique for training agricultural engineers. The cases, discussions, and evaluation used in the Agricultural Engineering Department of the Technical University of Valencia (Spain) are also presented. (shrink)

Agricultural engineers’ jobs are especially related to sustainability and earth life issues. They usually work with plants or animals, and the aim of their work is often linked to producing food to allow people to improve their quality of life. Taking into account this dual function, the moral requirements of their day-to-day professional practice are arguably greater than those of other professions.Agricultural engineers can develop their ability to live up to this professional responsibility by receiving ethical training during their university (...) studies, not only by taking courses specifically devoted to ethics, but also by having to deal with moral questions that are integrated into their technical courses through a program of Ethics Across the Curriculum (EAC).The authors feel that a suitable pedagogical technique for achieving this goal is the use of moral dilemmas, following Kohlberg’s theory of levels of morality (1981), with the final objective of attaining a post-conventional level. This paper examines the possibilities and limitations of using moral dilemmas as a pedagogical technique for training agricultural engineers. The cases, discussions, and evaluation used in the Agricultural Engineering Department of the Technical University of Valencia (Spain) are also presented. (shrink)

Los objetivos del presente estudio son evaluar la aceptabilidad de los estudiantes del modelo de portafolio electrónico de casos clínicos virtuales, lineales e integradores y su percepción sobre la metodología de aula invertida y aprendizaje en equipo modificado.El modelo de enseñanza mixta del portafolio electrónico, aula invertida y del aprendizaje en equipo modificado para estudiantes de pregrado permitió mejorar la satisfacción de los estudiantes al promover el aprendizaje activo y reflexivo. Los alumnos encontraron el modelo útil para una variedad de (...) propósitos en su educación de ciencias clínicas en el periodo de brote pandémico COVID-19. (shrink)

El presente artículo analiza la (re)introducción del 3D en nuestras pantallas de cine. Esta vez, gracias a la tecnología digital y a la polarización de la imagen, la profundidad de campo se hace mas creíble y la interfaz, a pesar de seguir presente, ha ganado en comodidad y efectividad. La espectacularidad de las imágenes es el mayor reclamo que hoy presenta el 3D para atraer al espectador a las salas de cine y fascinarle con el desarrollo tecnológico. Al mismo tiempo, (...) el 3D es una herramienta útil para solucionar los problemas surgidos en la industria cinematográfica a raíz de la evolución de la pirateria y la cada vez más compleja competición con otros medios. La gran duda que plantea el 3D es si se sumará a la larga lista de fracasos de los años 70 y 80 por intentar transformar la forma de ver la imagen o supondrá un paso adelante en la pretensión por acercarnos a la realidad virtual y un cine de inmersión e interacción total. (shrink)

Context: The emergency situation caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected different facets of society. Although much of the attention is focused on the health sector, other sectors such as education have also experienced profound transformations and impacts. This sector is usually highly affected by psychosocial risks, and this could be aggravated during the current health emergency. Psychosocial risks may cause health problems, lack of motivation, and a decrease of effectiveness at work, which in turn affect the quality of (...) teaching. Despite their importance, there are hardly any studies that analyze psychosocial risks of non-university teachers during a health emergency such as that caused by COVID-19. Objectives The aim of this study was to analyze the perception of COVID-19 and the psychosocial risks of non-university teachers comparing Spain and Mexico during the state of alarm caused by COVID-19. Methods Data were collected from 421 non-university teachers (80.2% women; 56.3% from Mexico, 43.7% from Spain) aged 24–60 ( M = 39.32, SD = 10.21) via a self-completed questionnaire during the pandemic from March to April 2020. Results Data analysis suggests that inequity is the most important risk, followed by work overload. Teachers appear to be moderately satisfied with the information on COVID-19 and the measures taken, while their satisfaction with the available resources is lower. When comparing the two countries, significant differences can be observed in every risk considered except for social support, with lower levels in Mexican teachers compared to Spanish ones. In the case of the perception of COVID-19 and its impact, the perception in general of levels of information, measures, and resources is better among Mexican teachers than among Spanish ones, who present higher scores of the impact of the health emergency. Conclusion The results underline the importance of the professional’s perception of resources during a health emergency, which could prevent to some extent burnout and possible alterations associated with it. The measures taken by the responsible entities and the provision of information do affect teachers not only directly but also indirectly by making them more vulnerable to psychosocial risks that could affect their health and professional performance, thus affecting students as well. (shrink)

Little has been studied on the relationship between affect and school problems related with attendance. This study aims to identify different affective profiles and to determine whether these profiles differ from each other based on the four functional conditions of school refusal behavior. Participants comprised 1,816 Spanish adolescents aged 15–18 years. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children-Short Form and the School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised for Children were administered. Latent profile analysis revealed five affective profiles: low affective profile, self-fulfilling (...) profile, low positive affect profile, self-destructive profile, and high affective profile. The self-destructive profile revealed the highest average scores in the first three factors of the SRAS-R-C, whereas the high affective profile reached the highest average score in the fourth factor. On the contrary, the self-fulfilling profile obtained the lowest average scores in the first two factors of the SRAS-R-C, whereas the low affective profile revealed the lowest average scores in the last two factors. Findings suggest the relevance of developing more adaptative affective profiles, such as the self-fulfilling profile, which would contribute to diminishing school attendance problems. (shrink)

AimThe functional prognosis of patients after coma following either cardiac arrest or acute structural brain injury is often uncertain. These patients are associated with high mortality and disability. N20 and N70 somatosensory evoked potentials are used to predict prognosis. We evaluated the utility of SSEP as an early indicator of long-term prognosis in these patients.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of coma after CA or ABI. An SSEP study was (...) performed, including N20 and N70 at 24–72 h, after coma onset. Functional recovery was assessed 6–12 months later using the modified Glasgow scale. The study was approved by our local research ethics committee.ResultsIn the CA and ABI groups, the absence of N20 or N70 was a strong indicator of poor outcome. Conversely, the presence of N70 was an indicator of a good outcome.ConclusionSomatosensory evoked potentials are useful early prognostic markers with high specificity and sensitivity. Moreover, N70 has additional potential value for improving the prediction of good long-term functional outcomes.Clinical Trial Registration:[https://clinicaltrials.gov/], identifier [2018/01/001]. (shrink)

Este artículo estudia las novelas Barro (1951) de Paca Navas de Miralda y Aquel año rojo (1973) de Argentina Díaz Lozano desde el Análisis Crítico del Discurso (ACD) de Teun A. van Dijk. En el contexto macro de las plantaciones bananeras en Honduras, las subjetividades en pugna de los personajes femeninos se hallan subestimadas, pues predominan discursos de lucha social como el llamado a huelga, la consecución de los derechos laborales y las denuncias sociales de la masa trabajadora masculina. (...) Es por esto, que las mujeres en los enclaves, desde sus subjetividades luchan consigo mismas y con sus semejantes, en espacios marcados por la violencia y la desigualdad, con el deseo de surgir frente a un espacio predominantemente masculino. Los discursos que enmarcan dichas subjetividades son del conocimiento social en el que los marcos mentales sustentan las creencias. Las protagonistas no escapan al ser tema de conversación y del conocimiento colectivo, que las hace oscilar en variantes ontológicas de aceptación y rechazo. Más que una estimación de sus capacidades laborales, afectivas y de procurar el bien común, los personajes femeninos son valorados por el ser. El corpus ofrece un horizonte que no solo corresponde anotar para los personajes literarios, sino que compete también para Honduras, creando un imaginario acorde con las ideas de etnicidad, moral e identidad. (shrink)

La gestión del conocimiento es un proceso relacionado con la producción, transmisión y utilización del conocimiento y su pertinencia para el desempeño organizacional; en la actualidad han aparecido diversidad de modelos que prescriben su configuración. El presente artículo describe el modelo que fundamenta teórica y metodológicamente la aplicación de la gestión del conocimiento en el Centro de Desarrollo de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas en Salud. Esta entidad dedicada a la producción y transmisión del conocimiento científico en estas áreas de (...) conocimiento, no contaba con un modelo que permitiera estructurar el funcionamiento del proceso de su construcción y difusión en su interior y hacia el contexto. El modelo propuesto atiende la especificidad de los procesos de la entidad, y guía teórica y metodológicamente los flujos de información y conocimientos, las redes de actores presentes y los procesos de gestión de conocimiento que se integran en la dinámica de la organización. Knowledge management is a process related to the production, transmission and use of knowledge and its relevance to the organizational performance; nowadays there are several models that prescribe its configuration. This article describes a model that theoretically and methodologically bases the implementation of knowledge management on the Centre for the development of social and humanistic sciences in Health. This entity devoted to the production and transmission of scientific knowledge in these areas of knowledge, did not have a model that allow to structure the operation of its construction and diffusion process from inside and towards the context. The proposed model deals with specificities of the entity´ s processes, and theoretically and methodologically leads flows of information and knowledge, networks of actors and knowledge management processes that are integrated into the dynamics of the organization. (shrink)

In this paper I try to show that semantics can explain word-to-world relations and that sentences can have meanings that determine truth-conditions. Critics like Chomsky typically maintain that only speakers denote, i.e., only speakers, by using words in one way or another, represent entities or events in the world. However, according to their view, individual acts of denotations are not explained just by virtue of speakers’ semantic knowledge. Against this view, I will hold that, in the typical cases considered, semantic (...) knowledge can account for the denotational uses of words of individual speakers. (shrink)

Given the diversification of upper secondary educational level, the student population that accesses higher education have social, academic and cultural characteristics, which put new challenges to the institutions of this educational level to respond. This article presents an experience of this characteristics of the undergraduate students from the National Pedagogical University. Unidad- Ajusco.

Are sexual orientations freely chosen? The idea that someone’s sexual orientation is not a choice is very influential in the mainstream LGBT political movement. But do we have good reasons to believe it is not a choice? Going against the orthodoxy, William Wilkerson has recently argued that sexual orientation is partly constituted by our interpretations of our own sexual desires, and we choose these interpretations, so sexual orientation is partly constituted by choice. In this paper I aim to examine the (...) question of whether our interpretations of our own sexual desires are constitutive of our sexual orientations. I will argue that whereas Wilkerson’s argument for the claim that sexual orientations are in part constituted by our chosen interpretations of our sexual desires is not sound, there are good reasons for endorsing a weaker claim, namely, that there are different but equally apt descriptions of the same sexual desires, depending on which concepts we have. (shrink)

Between December 14 and 20, 1965, the World Health Organization Scientific Group on Haemoglobinopathies and Allied Disorders metatthe Geneva agency's headquarters. The group comprised eight well-known physicians including Tulio Arends, a leading Latin American human geneticist from the Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Investigations. Others came from North America, Northern and Southern Europe, the Middle East and South East Asia, an array that reflected the delicate geopolitical equilibriums of postwar international health programs, but also the development of highly specialized biomedical research (...) around the globe. They elected Herman Lehmann, from the Abnormal Haemoglobin Research Unit of the Medical Research... (shrink)

In this special issue we explore practices of scientific inquiry into human populations in Latin America in order to generate new insights into the complex historical and sociopolitical dynamics that have made certain human groups integral to the production of scientific knowledge in and about the region. In important contributions, other scholars have shown that the science of human difference is racist and all too often has been a mediator of development ideologies. To further unpack these arguments we focus attention (...) on the complex interaction between scientists and the populations they study. We explore cases from across the fields of evolutionary biology, demography, epidemiology... (shrink)

La publicación del cuarto y último volumen de la _Historia de la sexualidad_ viene a llenar una larga espera, pero, sobre todo, ella permite tener por fin una visión de conjunto del último gran proyecto histórico-crítico de Michel Foucault. En el presente trabajo quisiera mostrar que con la publicación de _Les aveux de la chair_ (Paris, 2018) se vuelve posible comprender una serie de dificultades que han sido planteadas por los especialistas relativos al “giro” foucaultiano, a partir de los años (...) 1980, hacia una reintegración de la experiencia en el análisis. En particular, quisiera aquí defender que lo que Foucault llama “la experiencia de sí”, bajo la figura particular de la experiencia moral de la sexualidad, no será concebida ni por referencia a un sujeto, ni por referencia a un objeto (ni tampoco de manera “intersubjetiva”), sino como la formación de un _a priori_ histórico: el de la experiencia de la carne como transformación de sí. (shrink)

En este artículo, la ética de la inmanencia de inspiración spinozista se propone superar el fondo mítico-existencial de la ética del origen y la visión de la técnica de Heidegger. Otros autores como Paul Ricoeur, Michel Foucault y Peter Sloterdijk aparecen aquí desde esa perspectiva crítica. Al final, se añade un breve comentario sobre la cuestión del mal.

This article investigates the doctrine of intellectual memory in Descartes. In his writings, Descartes recognized not only a bodily memory, explainable in purely physiological terms, but also an intellectual or spiritual memory. In this article, I investigate whether Descartes postulated an intellectual memory for theological reasons or for philosophical reasons. From the analysis of certain texts in which Descartes explains what intellectual memory is, the paper will show that Descartes appeals, for strictly philosophical reasons, to intellectual memory to explain some (...) processes of reminiscence that occur in the human being. In contrast to what some contemporary commentators on the Cartesian doctrine of memory have argued, Descartes’s motivations for postulating intellectual memory are not theological. (shrink)

Los medios digitales se caracterizan por ofrecer multitud de herramientas interactivas a la audiencia. Sin embargo, es el usuario quien decide cuál es su grado de participación y qué uso hace de ellas. En este artículo analizamos el caso de la Fórmula 1 en los cibermedios valencianos y observamos dos tipos de usuarios: usuario activo y usuario pasivo. El usuario activo prefiere participar en las noticias más polémicas y escribe comentarios, mayoritariamente, cuando no está de acuerdo con el punto de (...) vista de la información. Es decir, mantiene una actitud combativa. Por su parte, el usuario pasivo consume noticias que aborden temas más ligeros y cuando lee noticias politizadas, escoge el encuadre que le refuerza ideológicamente. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:The Success and Malaise of CapitalismA Mimetic View of the MarketPablo Díaz-Morlán (bio)INTRODUCTIONThis article seeks to contribute to the knowledge that we have on the market as the central institution of capitalism, according to Girard's perspective. Mimetic theory (MT) can explain both the success and malaise caused by the market. Success is measured by the spread of desire, and malaise by the mimetic resentment caused by this spread of (...) desire.In 1979, Paul Dumouchel and Jean-Pierre Dupuy applied René Girard's mimetic theory for the first time to economics in their book L'Enfer des Choses.1 Both authors defended the need to advance toward the construction of a mimetic economic science placing at the center of the analysis the mimetic nature of the human being. They pointed out that the liberal conception of the individual as a being who makes decisions of maximum utility and autonomously is wrong. In short, the point was that the traditionally accepted homo economicus has been replaced with the homo mimeticus.2 In his contribution [End Page 275] to the book, "L'ambivalence de la rareté," Dumouchel establishes that scarcity emerges or is born as traditional bonds of solidarity are abandoned by members of a society that, until then, had ensured that everyone was assisted in case of need. In primitive human society, reciprocal bonds of solidarity prevailed. There was no scarcity, and this internal solidarity limited violence between the members of the group and expelled it to the outside. Scarcity was invented after the creation of the vicious cycle of individualism and the commercialization of social relations: a social institution established by the modern world after the solidarity mechanisms that protected the group against violence were abandoned.3 For both authors, the market arose as the institution that replaced the sacred, containing the violence, in both senses of the word "contain": On the one hand it held the violence within, and on the other it limited the violence.From its publication, L'Enfer des Choses was adopted as the founding treaty of the mimetic economy, even by Girard himself, who referred to it on several occasions when discussing economic issues.4 Both Dumouchel and Dupuy have gone into greater depth with their findings in other subsequent studies that have taken different courses. Dumouchel has clarified his concept of scarcity and has analyzed the relationship between envy and mimetic resentment through the study of Helmut Schoeck's famous envy theory.5 Meanwhile, Dupuy defends that many developments of modern economic science are merely the evolution of homo economicus to homo mimeticus because the autonomous subject is abandoned, giving rise to one that takes into account the behavior of others (game theory, adaptive expectations theory, speculation theory, etc.). Dupuy insists on the concept of the market as an institution that effectively delays the mimetic conflict. However, he adopts a pessimist position, as capitalism, due to its very evolution, has ended up surpassing its own limits (controlling politics), and as a result, it is increasingly more difficult for capitalism to carry out its function of containing violence.6Using the work of Dumouchel and Dupuy as a base, different authors have made contributions to economics from the perspective of MT. Several studies have been conducted on money, trade, and speculation, highlighting the theory of money of Michel Aglietta and André Orléan.7 Although there are differentiating nuances among the authors, they all assume that the money and market institutions are essentially violent and sacrificial. Other examples of this school of thought are Andrew Lascaris (1987), Erich Kitzmüller (1995), Anthony W. Bartlett (2002), John Daniels (2008), and Daniel M. Bell, Jr. (2012).8 Byrne Hobart and Tobias Huber have successfully applied MT to the study of financial bubbles in an economic history study, with promising results.9 And in the criticism of the market system in his book À Charge de Revanche, Mark R. Anspach [End Page 276] favors the need to overcome the perverse logic of revenge that defines both war and the market, transforming it into a positive reciprocity based on gifts.10 Except for Hobart and Huber, the cited authors overwhelmingly and explicitly reject... (shrink)

El propósito de este texto es abordar la problemática de las inteligencias artificiales y su incidencia en la sociedad contemporánea. Para ello, se realizan lecturas paralelas de las sociedades distópicas creadas por Isaac Asimov y Philip K. Dick. A partir de estas, se identifican algunos rasgos existentes en nuestro contexto inmediato, enfocándonos en tres ejes principales: la sociedad de vigilancia y control tecnológico, el problema de lo natural en los ciber-seres, y la visión del siglo XXI en la ciencia ficción (...) para analizar si esta es ilusoria o, por el contrario, forma parte de nuestra realidad inmediata. Todo esto con el fin de definir al género como un espejo de nuestro futuro, basándonos en la lectura de nuestro presente para interpretar los mundos posibles y el futuro como fuente de reflexión filosófica y tecnológica. En este artículo, analizaremos a grandes rasgos los elementos de la ciencia ficción de Isaac Asimov y Philip K. Dick, enfocándonos en aspectos como la naturalidad de los individuos, las sociedades de control y las líneas que separan lo humano de lo artificial como bases para la reflexión filosófica. A través de este ejercicio, examinaremos diversas obras de ambos autores, tales como El hombre bicentenario (Asimov 2019b), Satisfacción Garantizada (Asimov 2019a), La última pregunta (Asimov 2019a), ¿Sueñan los androides con ovejas eléctricas? (Dick 2017) y El hombre en el castillo (Dick 2021). El objetivo es identificar elementos que nos permitan interpretar el siglo XXI como una obra de ciencia ficción en constante desarrollo. (shrink)

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo valorar la contribución del Centro de Desarrollo de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas en Salud a las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas en el sector de la Salud de Camagüey, desde la contextualización de la política científica cubana en la proyección estratégica de la entidad. En el mismo se expone la trayectoria de la gestión de la actividad científico-tecnológica del centro. Se utilizó la revisión de los documentos y resultados generados por la entidad y trabajos publicados (...) acerca de la actividad científica. Se concluye que el centro es una institución pertinente y con sus resultados impacta en la formación integral de los recursos humanos y en el desarrollo del enfoque social de los problemas de salud. The objective of this work is to value the contribution of the Center of development for the Social and Humanity Sciences in Health to the Social and Humanity Sciences in the health area in Camagüey, from the contextualization of the Cuban scientific policy in the strategic projection of this center. Its trajectory on the management of the scientific-technological activity was exposed. It was used the revision of documents and results generated by the institution, and published works about the scientific activity. It is concluded that the center is pertinent and its results have an impact in the integral formation of the human resources and the development of the social viewpoint of health problems. (shrink)

[1] Problemas ontológicos -- 2. Cuestiones semánticas.

The possible linkages among liberty and power is a philosophical issue that gets to special important inside to contemporary political philosophy’s context. During this stage, a notion of legitimacy began to develop on which both freedom and power would be sustained, without being justified in a supposed statalist originin. Neither the legitimate power no the legitime freedom come to be backing by the juristic order up in the first instance, inasmuch up its source would be prior. From Foucault and Marcuse (...) outlooks on this issue, it will treat to inquire on the disquisitions that both their ever speeches propose. (shrink)

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo proponer una metodología didáctica que propicie el desarrollo de pensamiento crítico; para cumplir con este cometido, se presenta un ejercicio que muestra cómo hacerlo. Los cuentos de tradición oral se constituyen en el insumo principal. Según la propuesta, su análisis e interpretación pasan por cuatro secciones: “descripción del marco literario”, “marco sociocultural”, “marco religioso”, “marco normativo”. Se parte del supuesto de que los cuentos de tradición oral mantienen de forma latente un tipo de discurso que (...) debe ser interpretado, ya que el lenguaje en que son expresados se constituye en el ropaje que no permite que estos digan lo que exactamente quieren decir; de allí, resulta sugerente pensar que los cuentos mantienen de forma latente un tipo de discurso que respaldan una determinada forma de ejercer y perpetuar estados de dominación. (shrink)

Łukasiewicz implication algebras are {→,1}-subreducts of Wajsberg algebras (MV-algebras). They are the algebraic counterpart of Super-Łukasiewicz Implicational logics investigated in Komori, Nogoya Math J 72:127–133, 1978. The aim of this paper is to study the direct decomposability of free Łukasiewicz implication algebras. We show that freely generated algebras are directly indecomposable. We also study the direct decomposability in free algebras of all its proper subvarieties and show that infinitely freely generated algebras are indecomposable, while finitely free generated algebras can be (...) only decomposed into a direct product of two factors, one of which is the two-element implication algebra. (shrink)